Coba Ruins: Ancient Mayan City in the Jungle

The name “Coba” is believed to mean “waters stirred by wind,” a reference to the site’s proximity to five lagoons that supported a large population. The city reached its peak between 600 and 900 AD, when it was estimated to be home to more than 50,000 people.

Unlike many other ancient cities, Coba was never fully conquered by the Spanish, and much of its history remained buried in jungle vegetation until recent archaeological efforts began uncovering its secrets. Today, it’s recognized for its strategic importance, vast scale, and contributions to understanding Maya political organization and urban planning.

Main Structures and Features of the Coba Ruins

Coba is a large site, covering over 31 square mile (80 square kilometers), and is connected by an extensive network of white limestone roads called sacbéob (plural of sacbé). More than 50 of these ancient roads radiate from the city, some stretching over 100 kilometers, linking Coba to other major Mayan sites such as Chichen Itza and Ek Balam.

1. Nohoch Mul Pyramid

The most iconic structure in Coba, Nohoch Mul stands at 42 meters (138 feet), making it the tallest pyramid in the Yucatán Peninsula. While climbing is currently restricted to preserve the structure, its grandeur still commands awe from visitors who reach its base.

2. Coba Group (Grupo Coba)

This central area includes some of the site’s oldest structures. It features temples, ball courts, residential buildings, and ceremonial platforms. The complex is easily accessible and ideal for beginning your visit.

3. Macanxoc Group

Located further along one of the sacbé paths, this area is noted for its collection of stelae—large stone slabs carved with intricate hieroglyphs and images. These offer insights into Mayan rulership, religious ceremonies, and alliances with other cities.

4. La Iglesia

This pyramid-shaped structure, known as “The Church,” is one of the first buildings you’ll encounter at the entrance. It’s beautifully preserved and reflects Coba’s ceremonial importance.

5. The Ball Courts

Coba features multiple Mayan ball courts, where the ritual ballgame “pok-ta-pok” was played. These courts provide a glimpse into the spiritual and competitive aspects of Mayan life.

The Ancient Roads of Coba: The Sacbéob

One of the most remarkable features of Coba is its network of ancient elevated roads, or sacbéob. Constructed from white limestone, they served as highways for trade, communication, and military movement. The longest known sacbé from Coba leads to the site of Yaxuna, over 100 km away, making it one of the longest known ancient roads in Mesoamerica.

These roads reflect the city’s influence across the region and its role as a dominant hub of politics and commerce during the Classic period.

The Mayan Civilization at Coba

Coba’s layout reflects a decentralized city, with several residential and ceremonial clusters connected by sacbéob. Its political and economic power peaked between 600 and 800 AD, when it rivaled cities like Tikal and Calakmul. Archaeologists believe Coba played a key role in the alliances and conflicts that shaped the region.

The many stelae found throughout the site also indicate the importance of Mayan queens at Coba—especially notable is Lady K’awiil Ajaw, a ruler who led the city during the 7th century. Her story challenges the traditionally male-dominated narratives of Maya leadership.